United States Patent Application: 0100199228

( 1 of 1 )

United States Patent Application	*20100199228*
Kind Code	A1
Latta; Stephen G. ; et al.	August 5, 2010

Gesture Keyboarding

Abstract

Systems, methods and computer readable media are disclosed for gesture keyboarding. A user makes a gesture by either making a pose or moving in a pre-defined way that is captured by a depth camera. The depth information provided by the depth camera is parsed to determine at least that part of the user that is making the gesture. When parsed, the character or action signified by this gesture is identified.

Inventors:	Latta; Stephen G.; (Seattle, WA) ; Tsunoda; Kudo; (Seattle, WA) ; Geisner; Kevin; (Seattle, WA) ; Markovic; Relja; (Seattle, WA) ; Bennett; Darren Alexander; (Seattle, WA) ; Perez; Kathryn Stone; (Shoreline, WA)
Correspondence Address:	WOODCOCK WASHBURN LLP (MICROSOFT CORPORATION) CIRA CENTRE, 12TH FLOOR, 2929 ARCH STREET PHILADELPHIA PA 19104-2891 US
Assignee:	Microsoft Corporation Redmond WA
Family ID:	42398748
Appl. No.:	12/391145
Filed:	February 23, 2009

Related U.S. Patent Documents


Application Number	Filing Date	Patent Number
61148875	Jan 30, 2009

Current U.S. Class: 715/863 ; 704/3

Current CPC Class: G06F 3/011 20130101; G06K 9/00389 20130101; G06F 3/017 20130101

Class at Publication: 715/863 ; 704/3

International Class: G06F 3/033 20060101 G06F003/033; G06F 17/28 20060101 G06F017/28

Claims

1. A method for providing keyboard-like input to a computer system that accepts gesture input, comprising: receiving data comprising at least one image of a user creating an input gesture; and parsing the data to determine at least one gestured character.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein each gestured character comprises an alphanumeric character.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the input gesture comprises a gesture in a sign language.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the sign language comprises American Sign Language (ASL).

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the user creates the input gesture using a physical prop.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the physical prop comprises a keyboard that is not physically connected to the computer system.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the user creates the input gesture by mimicking use of a phantom prop.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the phantom prop is a phantom ball or a phantom keyboard.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the user creates the input gesture by mimicking throwing the phantom ball at a plurality of characters displayed on the display device, and the data is parsed to determine the gestured character by determining where the phantom ball would intersect with the display device if it were a physical ball.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the user creates an input gesture with two hands, the user's first hand selecting a group of characters and the user's second hand selecting an character from the group of characters.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the gestured character comprises kanji.

12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: comparing the gestured character against at least one previously gestured character; determining that at least one error character exists in the set consisting of the gestured character and each previously gestured character; and replacing each error character with a corresponding correct character.

13. A system for recognizing user movement as character input to a computing system, comprising: a processor; a data gatherer that receives image data corresponding to a user gesture; and a gesture recognizer engine that determines at least one character that corresponds to the user gesture.

14. The system of claim 13, further comprising: a feedback mechanism that sends feedback to the user based on the input gesture.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein the feedback consists of audio feedback, visual feedback, changing the color of a display element, lining of a display element, fading of a display element, strobing of a display element or a tracer pattern.

16. The system of claim 13, further comprising a display device that displays a plurality of characters and a cursor, wherein the gesture recognizer engine recognizes at least one gesture that corresponds to movement of the cursor on the display and at least one gesture that corresponds to selection of a displayed character in proximity to the cursor.

17. The system of claim 13, further comprising: a media translator that converts each gestured character to a spoken equivalent or a text equivalent.

18. The system of claim 13, further comprising: a language translator that translates each character from a first language to a second language.

19. The system of claim 13, wherein the data gatherer comprises a depth camera.

20. A computer readable storage medium, comprising computer readable instructions that when executed on a processor, cause the processor to perform the operations of: receiving depth data from a depth camera, the depth data comprising at least one image of a user creating an input gesture; and parsing the data to determine a gestured character.

Description

PRIORITY

[0001] The present application claims priority to provisional application 61/148,875, titled "Gesture Keyboarding," filed Jan. 30, 2009, the contents of which are incorporated herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Many computing applications such as computer games, multimedia applications, office applications or the like use controls to allow users to manipulate game characters or other aspects of an application. Typically such controls are input using, for example, controllers, remotes, keyboards, mice, or the like. Unfortunately, such controls can be difficult to learn, thus creating a barrier between a user and such games and applications. Furthermore, such controls may be different than actual game actions or other application actions for which the controls are used. For example, a game control that causes a game character to swing a baseball bat may not correspond to an actual motion of swinging the baseball bat.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Disclosed herein are systems and methods for receiving data reflecting skeletal movement of a user, and determining from that data whether the user has performed one or more gestures. A gesture recognizer system architecture is disclosed from which application developers can incorporate gesture-to-character input into their applications.

[0004] In an exemplary embodiment, a user forms a gesture that is captured by a depth camera. Data from the depth camera is then parsed to determine at least one gestured character. This character is then processed by a system in accordance with a context of the system. For instance, in a text editor, it may be displayed as text on a screen. Where the user is communicating with another user in a voice chat across a communications network, the character may be grouped with other inputted characters into words or phrases, transmitted across the network, and converted into the spoken equivalent of the words or phrases.

[0005] The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] The systems, methods, and computer readable media for gesture keyboarding in accordance with this specification are further described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0007] FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate an example embodiment of a target recognition, analysis, and tracking system with a user playing a game.

[0008] FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of a capture device that may be used in a target recognition, analysis, and tracking system.

[0009] FIG. 3A illustrates an example embodiment of a computing environment that may be used to interpret one or more gestures in a target recognition, analysis, and tracking system.

[0010] FIG. 3B illustrates another example embodiment of a computing environment that may be used to interpret one or more gestures in a target recognition, analysis, and tracking system.

[0011] FIG. 4A illustrates a skeletal mapping of a user that has been generated from the target recognition, analysis, and tracking system of FIG. 2.

[0012] FIG. 4B illustrates further details of the gesture recognizer architecture shown in FIG. 2.

[0013] FIG. 5 illustrates a user making gesture keyboarding motions.

[0014] FIG. 6 illustrates a display attached to a gesture keyboarding system that shows a plurality of available characters and a user-controlled cursor.

[0015] FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary operational procedures for gesture keyboarding.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

[0016] As will be described herein, a user may control an application executing on a computing environment such as a game console, a computer, or the like by performing one or more gestures. According to one embodiment, the gestures may be received by, for example, a capture device. For example, the capture device may capture a depth image of a scene. In one embodiment, the capture device may determine whether one or more targets or objects in the scene corresponds to a human target such as the user. To determine whether a target or object in the scene corresponds a human target, each of the targets may be flood filled and compared to a pattern of a human body model. Each target or object that matches the human body model may then be scanned to generate a skeletal model associated therewith. The skeletal model may then be provided to the computing environment such that the computing environment may track the skeletal model, render an avatar associated with the skeletal model, and may determine which controls to perform in an application executing on the computer environment based on, for example, gestures of the user that have been recognized from the skeletal model. A gesture recognizer engine, the architecture of which is described more fully below, is used to determine when a particular gesture has been made by the user.

[0017] FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate an example embodiment of a configuration of a target recognition, analysis, and tracking system 10 with a user 18 playing a boxing game. In an example embodiment, the target recognition, analysis, and tracking system 10 may be used to recognize, analyze, and/or track a human target such as the user 18.

[0018] As shown in FIG. 1A, the target recognition, analysis, and tracking system 10 may include a computing environment 12. The computing environment 12 may be a computer, a gaming system or console, or the like. According to an example embodiment, the computing environment 12 may include hardware components and/or software components such that the computing environment 12 may be used to execute applications such as gaming applications, non-gaming applications, or the like.

[0019] As shown in FIG. 1A, the target recognition, analysis, and tracking system 10 may further include a capture device 20. The capture device 20 may be, for example, a camera that may be used to visually monitor one or more users, such as the user 18, such that gestures performed by the one or more users may be captured, analyzed, and tracked to perform one or more controls or actions within an application, as will be described in more detail below.

[0020] According to one embodiment, the target recognition, analysis, and tracking system 10 may be connected to an audiovisual device 16 such as a television, a monitor, a high-definition television (HDTV), or the like that may provide game or application visuals and/or audio to a user such as the user 18. For example, the computing environment 12 may include a video adapter such as a graphics card and/or an audio adapter such as a sound card that may provide audiovisual signals associated with the game application, non-game application, or the like. The audiovisual device 16 may receive the audiovisual signals from the computing environment 12 and may then output the game or application visuals and/or audio associated with the audiovisual signals to the user 18. According to one embodiment, the audiovisual device 16 may be connected to the computing environment 12 via, for example, an S-Video cable, a coaxial cable, an HDMI cable, a DVI cable, a VGA cable, or the like.

[0021] As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the target recognition, analysis, and tracking system 10 may be used to recognize, analyze, and/or track a human target such as the user 18. For example, the user 18 may be tracked using the capture device 20 such that the movements of user 18 may be interpreted as controls that may be used to affect the application being executed by computer environment 12. Thus, according to one embodiment, the user 18 may move his or her body to control the application.

[0022] As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, in an example embodiment, the application executing on the computing environment 12 may be a boxing game that the user 18 may be playing. For example, the computing environment 12 may use the audiovisual device 16 to provide a visual representation of a boxing opponent 22 to the user 18. The computing environment 12 may also use the audiovisual device 16 to provide a visual representation of a player avatar 24 that the user 18 may control with his or her movements. For example, as shown in FIG. 1B, the user 18 may throw a punch in physical space to cause the player avatar 24 to throw a punch in game space. Thus, according to an example embodiment, the computer environment 12 and the capture device 20 of the target recognition, analysis, and tracking system 10 may be used to recognize and analyze the punch of the user 18 in physical space such that the punch may be interpreted as a game control of the player avatar 24 in game space.

[0023] Other movements by the user 18 may also be interpreted as other controls or actions, such as controls to bob, weave, shuffle, block, jab, or throw a variety of different power punches. Furthermore, some movements may be interpreted as controls that may correspond to actions other than controlling the player avatar 24. For example, the player may use movements to end, pause, or save a game, select a level, view high scores, communicate with a friend, etc.

[0024] In example embodiments, the human target such as the user 18 may have an object. In such embodiments, the user of an electronic game may be holding the object such that the motions of the player and the object may be used to adjust and/or control parameters of the game. For example, the motion of a player holding a racket may be tracked and utilized for controlling an on-screen racket in an electronic sports game. In another example embodiment, the motion of a player holding an object may be tracked and utilized for controlling an on-screen weapon in an electronic combat game.

[0025] According to other example embodiments, the target recognition, analysis, and tracking system 10 may further be used to interpret target movements as operating system and/or application controls that are outside the realm of games. For example, virtually any controllable aspect of an operating system and/or application may be controlled by movements of the target such as the user 18.

[0026] FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of the capture device 20 that may be used in the target recognition, analysis, and tracking system 10. According to an example embodiment, the capture device 20 may be configured to capture video with depth information including a depth image that may include depth values via any suitable technique including, for example, time-of-flight, structured light, stereo image, or the like. According to one embodiment, the capture device 20 may organize the calculated depth information into "Z layers," or layers that may be perpendicular to a Z axis extending from the depth camera along its line of sight.

[0027] As shown in FIG. 2, the capture device 20 may include an image camera component 22. According to an example embodiment, the image camera component 22 may be a depth camera that may capture the depth image of a scene. The depth image may include a two-dimensional (2-D) pixel area of the captured scene where each pixel in the 2-D pixel area may represent a length in, for example, centimeters, millimeters, or the like of an object in the captured scene from the camera.

[0028] As shown in FIG. 2, according to an example embodiment, the image camera component 22 may include an IR light component 24, a three-dimensional (3-D) camera 26, and an RGB camera 28 that may be used to capture the depth image of a scene. For example, in time-of-flight analysis, the IR light component 24 of the capture device 20 may emit an infrared light onto the scene and may then use sensors (not shown) to detect the backscattered light from the surface of one or more targets and objects in the scene using, for example, the 3-D camera 26 and/or the RGB camera 28. In some embodiments, pulsed infrared light may be used such that the time between an outgoing light pulse and a corresponding incoming light pulse may be measured and used to determine a physical distance from the capture device 20 to a particular location on the targets or objects in the scene. Additionally, in other example embodiments, the phase of the outgoing light wave may be compared to the phase of the incoming light wave to determine a phase shift. The phase shift may then be used to determine a physical distance from the capture device to a particular location on the targets or objects.

[0029] According to another example embodiment, time-of-flight analysis may be used to indirectly determine a physical distance from the capture device 20 to a particular location on the targets or objects by analyzing the intensity of the reflected beam of light over time via various techniques including, for example, shuttered light pulse imaging.

[0030] In another example embodiment, the capture device 20 may use a structured light to capture depth information. In such an analysis, patterned light (i.e., light displayed as a known pattern such as grid pattern or a stripe pattern) may be projected onto the scene via, for example, the IR light component 24. Upon striking the surface of one or more targets or objects in the scene, the pattern may become deformed in response. Such a deformation of the pattern may be captured by, for example, the 3-D camera 26 and/or the RGB camera 28 and may then be analyzed to determine a physical distance from the capture device to a particular location on the targets or objects.

[0031] According to another embodiment, the capture device 20 may include two or more physically separated cameras that may view a scene from different angles, to obtain visual stereo data that may be resolved to generate depth information

[0032] The capture device 20 may further include a microphone 30. The microphone 30 may include a transducer or sensor that may receive and convert sound into an electrical signal. According to one embodiment, the microphone 30 may be used to reduce feedback between the capture device 20 and the computing environment 12 in the target recognition, analysis, and tracking system 10. Additionally, the microphone 30 may be used to receive audio signals that may also be provided by the user to control applications such as game applications, non-game applications, or the like that may be executed by the computing environment 12.

[0033] In an example embodiment, the capture device 20 may further include a processor 32 that may be in operative communication with the image camera component 22. The processor 32 may include a standardized processor, a specialized processor, a microprocessor, or the like that may execute instructions that may include instructions for receiving the depth image, determining whether a suitable target may be included in the depth image, converting the suitable target into a skeletal representation or model of the target, or any other suitable instruction.

[0034] The capture device 20 may further include a memory component 34 that may store the instructions that may be executed by the processor 32, images or frames of images captured by the 3-D camera or RGB camera, or any other suitable information, images, or the like. According to an example embodiment, the memory component 34 may include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), cache, Flash memory, a hard disk, or any other suitable storage component. As shown in FIG. 2, in one embodiment, the memory component 34 may be a separate component in communication with the image capture component 22 and the processor 32. According to another embodiment, the memory component 34 may be integrated into the processor 32 and/or the image capture component 22.

[0035] As shown in FIG. 2, the capture device 20 may be in communication with the computing environment 12 via a communication link 36. The communication link 36 may be a wired connection including, for example, a USB connection, a Firewire connection, an Ethernet cable connection, or the like and/or a wireless connection such as a wireless 802.11b, g, a, or n connection. According to one embodiment, the computing environment 12 may provide a clock to the capture device 20 that may be used to determine when to capture, for example, a scene via the communication link 36.

[0036] Additionally, the capture device 20 may provide the depth information and images captured by, for example, the 3-D camera 26 and/or the RGB camera 28, and a skeletal model that may be generated by the capture device 20 to the computing environment 12 via the communication link 36. The computing environment 12 may then use the skeletal model, depth information, and captured images to, for example, recognize user gestures and in response control an application such as a game or word processor. For example, as shown, in FIG. 2, the computing environment 12 may include a gestures recognizer engine 190. The gestures recognizer engine 190 may include a collection of gesture filters, each comprising information concerning a gesture that may be performed by the skeletal model (as the user moves). The data captured by the cameras 26, 28 and device 20 in the form of the skeletal model and movements associated with it may be compared to the gesture filters in the gesture recognizer engine 190 to identify when a user (as represented by the skeletal model) has performed one or more gestures. Those gestures may be associated with various controls of an application. Thus, the computing environment 12 may use the gesture recognizer engine 190 to interpret movements of the skeletal model and to control an application based on the movements.

[0037] FIG. 3A illustrates an example embodiment of a computing environment that may be used to interpret one or more gestures in a target recognition, analysis, and tracking system. The computing environment such as the computing environment 12 described above with respect to FIGS. 1A-2 may be a multimedia console 100, such as a gaming console. As shown in FIG. 3A, the multimedia console 100 has a central processing unit (CPU) 101 having a level 1 cache 102, a level 2 cache 104, and a flash ROM (Read Only Memory) 106. The level 1 cache 102 and a level 2 cache 104 temporarily store data and hence reduce the number of memory access cycles, thereby improving processing speed and throughput. The CPU 101 may be provided having more than one core, and thus, additional level 1 and level 2 caches 102 and 104. The flash ROM 106 may store executable code that is loaded during an initial phase of a boot process when the multimedia console 100 is powered ON.

[0038] A graphics processing unit (GPU) 108 and a video encoder/video codec (coder/decoder) 114 form a video processing pipeline for high speed and high resolution graphics processing. Data is carried from the graphics processing unit 108 to the video encoder/video codec 114 via a bus. The video processing pipeline outputs data to an A/V (audio/video) port 140 for transmission to a television or other display. A memory controller 110 is connected to the GPU 108 to facilitate processor access to various types of memory 112, such as, but not limited to, a RAM (Random Access Memory).

[0039] The multimedia console 100 includes an I/O controller 120, a system management controller 122, an audio processing unit 123, a network interface controller 124, a first USB host controller 126, a second USB controller 128 and a front panel I/O subassembly 130 that are preferably implemented on a module 1 18. The USB controllers 126 and 128 serve as hosts for peripheral controllers 142(1)-142(2), a wireless adapter 148, and an external memory device 146 (e.g., flash memory, external CD/DVD ROM drive, removable media, etc.). The network interface 124 and/or wireless adapter 148 provide access to a network (e.g., the Internet, home network, etc.) and may be any of a wide variety of various wired or wireless adapter components including an Ethernet card, a modem, a Bluetooth module, a cable modem, and the like.

[0040] System memory 143 is provided to store application data that is loaded during the boot process. A media drive 144 is provided and may comprise a DVD/CD drive, hard drive, or other removable media drive, etc. The media drive 144 may be internal or external to the multimedia console 100. Application data may be accessed via the media drive 144 for execution, playback, etc. by the multimedia console 100. The media drive 144 is connected to the I/O controller 120 via a bus, such as a Serial ATA bus or other high speed connection (e.g., IEEE 1394).

[0041] The system management controller 122 provides a variety of service functions related to assuring availability of the multimedia console 100. The audio processing unit 123 and an audio codec 132 form a corresponding audio processing pipeline with high fidelity and stereo processing. Audio data is carried between the audio processing unit 123 and the audio codec 132 via a communication link. The audio processing pipeline outputs data to the A/V port 140 for reproduction by an external audio player or device having audio capabilities.

[0042] The front panel I/O subassembly 130 supports the functionality of the power button 150 and the eject button 152, as well as any LEDs (light emitting diodes) or other indicators exposed on the outer surface of the multimedia console 100. A system power supply module 136 provides power to the components of the multimedia console 100. A fan 138 cools the circuitry within the multimedia console 100.

[0043] The CPU 101, GPU 108, memory controller 110, and various other components within the multimedia console 100 are interconnected via one or more buses, including serial and parallel buses, a memory bus, a peripheral bus, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, such architectures can include a Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus, PCI-Express bus, etc.

[0044] When the multimedia console 100 is powered ON, application data may be loaded from the system memory 143 into memory 112 and/or caches 102, 104 and executed on the CPU 101. The application may present a graphical user interface that provides a consistent user experience when navigating to different media types available on the multimedia console 100. In operation, applications and/or other media contained within the media drive 144 may be launched or played from the media drive 144 to provide additional functionalities to the multimedia console 100.

[0045] The multimedia console 100 may be operated as a standalone system by simply connecting the system to a television or other display. In this standalone mode, the multimedia console 100 allows one or more users to interact with the system, watch movies, or listen to music. However, with the integration of broadband connectivity made available through the network interface 124 or the wireless adapter 148, the multimedia console 100 may further be operated as a participant in a larger network community.

[0046] When the multimedia console 100 is powered ON, a set amount of hardware resources are reserved for system use by the multimedia console operating system. These resources may include a reservation of memory (e.g., 16 MB), CPU and GPU cycles (e.g., 5%), networking bandwidth (e.g., 8 kbs), etc. Because these resources are reserved at system boot time, the reserved resources do not exist from the application's view.

[0047] In particular, the memory reservation preferably is large enough to contain the launch kernel, concurrent system applications and drivers. The CPU reservation is preferably constant such that if the reserved CPU usage is not used by the system applications, an idle thread will consume any unused cycles.

[0048] With regard to the GPU reservation, lightweight messages generated by the system applications (e.g., popups) are displayed by using a GPU interrupt to schedule code to render popup into an overlay. The amount of memory required for an overlay depends on the overlay area size and the overlay preferably scales with screen resolution. Where a full user interface is used by the concurrent system application, it is preferable to use a resolution independent of application resolution. A scaler may be used to set this resolution such that the need to change frequency and cause a TV resynch is eliminated.

[0049] After the multimedia console 100 boots and system resources are reserved, concurrent system applications execute to provide system functionalities. The system functionalities are encapsulated in a set of system applications that execute within the reserved system resources described above. The operating system kernel identifies threads that are system application threads versus gaming application threads. The system applications are preferably scheduled to run on the CPU 101 at predetermined times and intervals in order to provide a consistent system resource view to the application. The scheduling is to minimize cache disruption for the gaming application running on the console.

[0050] When a concurrent system application requires audio, audio processing is scheduled asynchronously to the gaming application due to time sensitivity. A multimedia console application manager (described below) controls the gaming application audio level (e.g., mute, attenuate) when system applications are active.

[0051] Input devices (e.g., controllers 142(1) and 142(2)) are shared by gaming applications and system applications. The input devices are not reserved resources, but are to be switched between system applications and the gaming application such that each will have a focus of the device. The application manager preferably controls the switching of input stream, without knowledge the gaming application's knowledge and a driver maintains state information regarding focus switches. The cameras 26, 28 and capture device 20 may define additional input devices for the console 100.

[0052] FIG. 3B illustrates another example embodiment of a computing environment 220 that may be the computing environment 12 shown in FIGS. 1A-2 used to interpret one or more gestures in a target recognition, analysis, and tracking system. The computing system environment 220 is only one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the presently disclosed subject matter. Neither should the computing environment 220 be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary operating environment 220. In some embodiments the various depicted computing elements may include circuitry configured to instantiate specific aspects of the present disclosure. For example, the term circuitry used in the disclosure can include specialized hardware components configured to perform function(s) by firmware or switches. In other examples embodiments the term circuitry can include a general purpose processing unit, memory, etc., configured by software instructions that embody logic operable to perform function(s). In example embodiments where circuitry includes a combination of hardware and software, an implementer may write source code embodying logic and the source code can be compiled into machine readable code that can be processed by the general purpose processing unit. Since one skilled in the art can appreciate that the state of the art has evolved to a point where there is little difference between hardware, software, or a combination of hardware/software, the selection of hardware versus software to effectuate specific functions is a design choice left to an implementer. More specifically, one of skill in the art can appreciate that a software process can be transformed into an equivalent hardware structure, and a hardware structure can itself be transformed into an equivalent software process. Thus, the selection of a hardware implementation versus a software implementation is one of design choice and left to the implementer.

[0053] In FIG. 3B, the computing environment 220 comprises a computer 241, which typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 241 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. The system memory 222 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 223 and random access memory (RAM) 260. A basic input/output system 224 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 241, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 223. RAM 260 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 259. By way of example, and not limitation, FIG. 3B illustrates operating system 225, application programs 226, other program modules 227, and program data 228.

[0054] The computer 241 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only, FIG. 3B illustrates a hard disk drive 238 that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive 239 that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk 254, and an optical disk drive 240 that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk 253 such as a CD ROM or other optical media. Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks, digital video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like. The hard disk drive 238 is typically connected to the system bus 221 through a non-removable memory interface such as interface 234, and magnetic disk drive 239 and optical disk drive 240 are typically connected to the system bus 221 by a removable memory interface, such as interface 235.

[0055] The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in FIG. 3B, provide storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer 241. In FIG. 3B, for example, hard disk drive 238 is illustrated as storing operating system 258, application programs 257, other program modules 256, and program data 255. Note that these components can either be the same as or different from operating system 225, application programs 226, other program modules 227, and program data 228. Operating system 258, application programs 257, other program modules 256, and program data 255 are given different numbers here to illustrate that, at a minimum, they are different copies. A user may enter commands and information into the computer 241 through input devices such as a keyboard 251 and pointing device 252, commonly referred to as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 259 through a user input interface 236 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). The cameras 26, 28 and capture device 20 may define additional input devices for the console 100. A monitor 242 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 221 via an interface, such as a video interface 232. In addition to the monitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers 244 and printer 243, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface 233.

[0056] The computer 241 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 246. The remote computer 246 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 241, although only a memory storage device 247 has been illustrated in FIG. 3B. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 3B include a local area network (LAN) 245 and a wide area network (WAN) 249, but may also include other networks. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.

[0057] When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 241 is connected to the LAN 245 through a network interface or adapter 237. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 241 typically includes a modem 250 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 249, such as the Internet. The modem 250, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 221 via the user input interface 236, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 241, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation, FIG. 3B illustrates remote application programs 248 as residing on memory device 247. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.

[0058] FIG. 4A depicts an example skeletal mapping of a user that may be generated from the capture device 20. In this embodiment, a variety of joints and bones are identified: each hand 302, each forearm 304, each elbow 306, each bicep 308, each shoulder 310, each hip 312, each thigh 314, each knee 316, each foreleg 318, each foot 320, the head 322, the torso 324, the top 326 and bottom 328 of the spine, and the waist 330. Where more points are tracked, additional features may be identified, such as the bones and joints of the fingers or toes, or individual features of the face, such as the nose and eyes.

[0059] Through moving his body, a user may create gestures. A gesture comprises a motion or pose by a user that may be captured as image data and parsed for meaning. A gesture may be dynamic, comprising a motion, such as mimicking throwing a ball. A gesture may be a static pose, such as holding one's crossed forearms 304 in front of his torso 324. A gesture may also incorporate props, such as by swinging a mock sword. A gesture may comprise more than one body part, such as clapping the hands 302 together, or a subtler motion, such as pursing one's lips.

[0060] Gestures may be used for input in a general computing context. For instance, various motions of the hands 302 or other body parts may correspond to common system wide tasks such as navigate up or down in a hierarchical list, open a file, close a file, and save a file. Gestures may also be used in a video-game-specific context, depending on the game. For instance, with a driving game, various motions of the hands 302 and feet 320 may correspond to steering a vehicle in a direction, shifting gears, accelerating, and breaking.

[0061] A user may generate a gesture that corresponds to walking or running, by walking or running in place himself. The user may alternately lift and drop each leg 312-320 to mimic walking without moving. The system may parse this gesture by analyzing each hip 312 and each thigh 314. A step may be recognized when one hip-thigh angle (as measured relative to a vertical line, wherein a standing leg has a hip-thigh angle of 0.degree., and a forward horizontally extended leg has a hip-thigh angle of 90.degree.) exceeds a certain threshold relative to the other thigh. A walk or run may be recognized after some number of consecutive steps by alternating legs. The time between the two most recent steps may be thought of as a period. After some number of periods where that threshold angle is not met, the system may determine that the walk or running gesture has ceased.

[0062] Given a "walk or run" gesture, an application may set values for application-determined parameters associated with this gesture. These parameters may include the above threshold angle, the number of steps required to initiate a walk or run gesture, a number of periods where no step occurs to end the gesture, and a threshold period that determines whether the gesture is a walk or a run. A fast period may correspond to a run, as the user will be moving his legs quickly, and a slower period may correspond to a walk.

[0063] A gesture may be associated with a set of default parameters at first that the application may override with its own parameters. In this scenario, an application is not forced to provide parameters, but may instead use a set of default parameters that allow the gesture to be recognized in the absence of application-defined parameters.

[0064] There are a variety of outputs that may be associated with the gesture. There may be a baseline "yes or no" as to whether a gesture is occurring. There also may be a confidence level, which corresponds to the likelihood that the user's tracked movement corresponds to the gesture. This could be a linear scale that ranges over floating point numbers between 0 and 1, inclusive. Wherein an application receiving this gesture information cannot accept false-positives as input, it may use only those recognized gestures that have a high confidence level, such as at least 0.95. Where an application must recognize every instance of the gesture, even at the cost of false-positives, it may use gestures that have at least a much lower confidence level, such as those merely greater than 0.2. The gesture may have an output for the time between the two most recent steps, and where only a first step has been registered, this may be set to a reserved value, such as -1 (since the time between any two steps must be positive). The gesture may also have an output for the highest thigh angle reached during the most recent step.

[0065] Another exemplary gesture is a "heel lift jump." In this, a user may create the gesture by raising his heels off the ground, but keeping his toes planted. Alternatively, the user may jump into the air where his feet 320 leave the ground entirely. The system may parse the skeleton for this gesture by analyzing the angle relation of the shoulders 310, hips 312 and knees 316 to see if they are in a position of alignment equal to standing up straight. Then these points and upper 326 and lower 328 spine points may be monitored for any upward acceleration. A sufficient combination of acceleration may trigger a jump gesture.

[0066] Given this "heel lift jump" gesture, an application may set values for application-determined parameters associated with this gesture. The parameters may include the above acceleration threshold, which determines how fast some combination of the user's shoulders 310, hips 312 and knees 316 must move upward to trigger the gesture, as well as a maximum angle of alignment between the shoulders 310, hips 312 and knees 316 at which a jump may still be triggered.

[0067] The outputs may comprise a confidence level, as well as the user's body angle at the time of the jump.

[0068] Setting parameters for a gesture based on the particulars of the application that will receive the gesture is important in accurately identifying gestures. Properly identifying gestures and the intent of a user greatly helps in creating a positive user experience. Where a gesture recognizer system is too sensitive, and even a slight forward motion of the hand 302 is interpreted as a throw, the user may become frustrated because gestures are being recognized where he has no intent to make a gesture, and thus, he lacks control over the system. Where a gesture recognizer system is not sensitive enough, the system may not recognize conscious attempts by the user to make a throwing gesture, frustrating him in a similar manner. At either end of the sensitivity spectrum, the user becomes frustrated because he cannot properly provide input to the system.

[0069] Another parameter to a gesture may be a distance moved. Where a user's gestures control the actions of an avatar in a virtual environment, that avatar may be arm's length from a ball. If the user wishes to interact with the ball and grab it, this may require the user to extend his arm 302-310 to full length while making the grab gesture. In this situation, a similar grab gesture where the user only partially extends his arm 302-310 may not achieve the result of interacting with the ball.

[0070] A gesture or a portion thereof may have as a parameter a volume of space in which it must occur. This volume of space may typically be expressed in relation to the body where a gesture comprises body movement. For instance, a football throwing gesture for a right-handed user may be recognized only in the volume of space no lower than the right shoulder 310a, and on the same side of the head 322 as the throwing arm 302a-310a. It may not be necessary to define all bounds of a volume, such as with this throwing gesture, where an outer bound away from the body is left undefined, and the volume extends out indefinitely, or to the edge of scene that is being monitored.

[0071] FIG. 4B provides further details of one exemplary embodiment of the gesture recognizer engine 190 of FIG. 2. As shown, the gesture recognizer engine 190 may comprise at least one filter 418 to determine a gesture or gestures. A filter 418 comprises information defining a gesture 426 (hereinafter referred to as a "gesture"), and may comprise at least one parameter 428, or metadata, for that gesture. For instance, a throw, which comprises motion of one of the hands from behind the rear of the body to past the front of the body, may be implemented as a gesture 426 comprising information representing the movement of one of the hands of the user from behind the rear of the body to past the front of the body, as that movement would be captured by the depth camera. Parameters 428 may then be set for that gesture 426. Where the gesture 426 is a throw, a parameter 428 may be a threshold velocity that the hand has to reach, a distance the hand must travel (either absolute, or relative to the size of the user as a whole), and a confidence rating by the recognizer engine that the gesture occurred. These parameters 428 for the gesture 426 may vary between applications, between contexts of a single application, or within one context of one application over time.

[0072] Filters may be modular or interchangeable. In an embodiment, a filter has a number of inputs, each of those inputs having a type, and a number of outputs, each of those outputs having a type. In this situation, a first filter may be replaced with a second filter that has the same number and types of inputs and outputs as the first filter without altering any other aspect of the recognizer engine architecture. For instance, there may be a first filter for driving that takes as input skeletal data and outputs a confidence that the gesture associated with the filter is occurring and an angle of steering. Where one wishes to substitute this first driving filter with a second driving filter--perhaps because the second driving filter is more efficient and requires fewer processing resources--one may do so by simply replacing the first filter with the second filter so long as the second filter has those same inputs and outputs--one input of skeletal data type, and two outputs of confidence type and angle type.

[0073] A filter need not have a parameter. For instance, a "user height" filter that returns the user's height may not allow for any parameters that may be tuned. An alternate "user height" filter may have tunable parameters--such as to whether to account for a user's footwear, hairstyle, headwear and posture in determining the user's height.

[0074] Inputs to a filter may comprise things such as joint data about a user's joint position, like angles formed by the bones that meet at the joint, RGB color data from the scene, and the rate of change of an aspect of the user. Outputs from a filter may comprise things such as the confidence that a given gesture is being made, the speed at which a gesture motion is made, and a time at which a gesture motion is made.

[0075] A context may be a cultural context, and it may be an environmental context. A cultural context refers to the culture of a user using a system. Different cultures may use similar gestures to impart markedly different meanings. For instance, an American user who wishes to tell another user to "look" or "use his eyes" may put his index finger on his head close to the distal side of his eye. However, to an Italian user, this gesture may be interpreted as a reference to the mafia.

[0076] Similarly, there may be different contexts among different environments of a single application. Take a first-person shooter game that involves operating a motor vehicle. While the user is on foot, making a first with the fingers towards the ground and extending the first in front and away from the body may represent a punching gesture. While the user is in the driving context, that same motion may represent a "gear shifting" gesture. There may also be one or more menu environments, where the user can save his game, select among his character's equipment or perform similar actions that do not comprise direct game-play. In that environment, this same gesture may have a third meaning, such as to select something or to advance to another screen.

[0077] The gesture recognizer engine 190 may have a base recognizer engine 416 that provides functionality to a gesture filter 418. In an embodiment, the functionality that the recognizer engine 416 implements includes an input-over-time archive that tracks recognized gestures and other input, a Hidden Markov Model implementation (where the modeled system is assumed to be a Markov process--one where a present state encapsulates any past state information necessary to determine a future state, so no other past state information must be maintained for this purpose--with unknown parameters, and hidden parameters are determined from the observable data), as well as other functionality required to solve particular instances of gesture recognition.

[0078] Filters 418 are loaded and implemented on top of the base recognizer engine 416 and can utilize services provided by the engine 416 to all filters 418. In an embodiment, the base recognizer engine 416 processes received data to determine whether it meets the requirements of any filter 418. Since these provided services, such as parsing the input, are provided once by the base recognizer engine 416 rather than by each filter 418, such a service need only be processed once in a period of time as opposed to once per filter 418 for that period, so the processing required to determine gestures is reduced.

[0079] An application may use the filters 418 provided by the recognizer engine 190, or it may provide its own filter 418, which plugs in to the base recognizer engine 416. In an embodiment, all filters 418 have a common interface to enable this plug-in characteristic. Further, all filters 418 may utilize parameters 428, so a single gesture tool as described below may be used to debug and tune the entire filter system 418.

[0080] These parameters 428 may be tuned for an application or a context of an application by a gesture tool 420. In an embodiment, the gesture tool 420 comprises a plurality of sliders 422, each slider 422 corresponding to a parameter 428, as well as a pictorial representation of a body 424. As a parameter 428 is adjusted with a corresponding slider 422, the body 424 may demonstrate both actions that would be recognized as the gesture with those parameters 428 and actions that would not be recognized as the gesture with those parameters 428, identified as such. This visualization of the parameters 428 of gestures provides an effective means to both debug and fine tune a gesture.

[0081] FIG. 5 illustrates a user making a gesture that defines an operation typically performed with a keyboard, such as pressing a key or typing a word (i.e., a gesture keyboarding motion). FIG. 5A depicts a user 502 in a scene 504 that is captured by a depth camera 506 that provides depth information to a computer, such as computer 410 of FIG. 4. The user 502 is making a gesture with his left hand 508a to signal the character "a" in American Sign Language (ASL). This gesture may be interpreted as if the user were pressing the "a" key on a keyboard. In embodiments, the user is not limited to a single hand to make a gesture. The user may make the gesture with his right hand, both hands, or some combination of his body parts. Additionally, the user may use a prop, such as a conductor's wand in making the gesture.

[0082] FIG. 5B illustrates the user 502 making a second gesture keyboarding motion. Here, the user 502 is making the ASL gesture for "cat," which is captured by the depth camera 506. This gesture may be interpreted as if the user had typed the work "cat" on a keyboard. Given the two inputs of FIGS. 5A and 5B, the system may identify them as two separate words, as in "a cat." Where the user were instead making a gesture for the letter "s," that may be interpreted by the system as the word "as," or as the separate letters "a" and "s," depending on the context of the input, or on a determination made by the system or the user 502.

[0083] The methods, systems and computer readable storage media described herein contemplate providing ways to input characters and other forms of expression such as words or emoticons through gestures (i.e. gesture keyboarding) in a variety of ways. FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of a method for this gesture keyboarding.

[0084] FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment for gesture keyboarding. FIG. 6 depicts a display 604 attached to a system, such as the computer 410 of FIG. 4, that displays a plurality of available characters 606 and a user-controlled cursor 602. In this embodiment, the system may recognize gestures to allow the user to control the cursor 602 on the display 604 by manipulating a body part or prop. For instance, the user's left hand may correspond to the cursor 602, such that the system moves the cursor 602 on the display in the direction that the user moves his left hand. The system may move the cursor 602 in a 1:1 relationship with hand movement, such that a one-inch movement of the hand moves the cursor one inch. Alternatively, the system may apply a factored movement to the cursor 602, such that a one-inch movement of the hand moves the cursor proportionately more or less than one inch.

[0085] In an embodiment, the display presents a plurality of available characters 606 that the user may select with the cursor 602. Here, the user may select character 606b as he has placed the cursor over it. In an embodiment, placing the cursor 602 over a character 606 is not sufficient to select the character 606 and some additional action is required to select the character 606. For instance, where the user is using his left hand to manipulate the cursor 602, closing his hand to a first may select the character 606. In another embodiment, merely moving the cursor 602 over a character 606 may select the character 606.

[0086] FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary operational procedures for gesture keyboarding.

[0087] Operation 702 depicts receiving data comprising at least one image of a user creating an input gesture.

[0088] The input gesture may be static, where the user creates a pose and holds it a sufficient length of time to gather the image data for the pose. The input gesture may also be dynamic, where a series of images of the user captured over time allow a system to determine the movement that the user is making, and the gesture is conveyed through this movement.

[0089] As illustrated above in FIGS. 5A and 5B, in an embodiment, the input gesture may comprise a gesture in a sign language. In an embodiment, this sign language comprises American Sign Language (ASL). Where the language is ASL, the gesture may be a single letter or number, or a word or even a full expression or phrase, as is allowed by the language. ASL has the advantage of having a large number of people who are already facile in using it. To that end, a user who is facile in ASL will have an easy time inputting characters to a system that accepts ASL gestures as input.

[0090] In another embodiment, the user may create the input gesture using a physical prop. For example, the physical prop may comprise a keyboard. The keyboard need not be functional or connected to the system. The system may parse images of the user and keyboard prop for gestures corresponding to key presses on the prop and determine which character or characters correspond to those key presses.

[0091] In yet another embodiment, the user may create an input gesture by mimicking use of a phantom prop. For example, the phantom prop may consist of a phantom ball or a phantom keyboard. In this embodiment, the user may merely mimic typing into air or on a hard surface, and the system may appropriately parse these gestures. In an embodiment, the user may calibrate an area in which he or she will perform such phantom typing gestures. For example, the system may prompt the user to make a gesture corresponding to pressing the "a" key on a keyboard, and the system will then learn this gesture as a press of the "a" character. In an embodiment, the system may use a predictive algorithm--such as by determining which words could be made from a given combination of finger gestures--to find those words that it is possible that the user may have inputted as gestures, and from those words use the most likely word inputted, for instance based on the context of use.

[0092] In yet another embodiment, the user may create an input gesture by mimicking throwing the phantom ball at a plurality of characters displayed on the display device, and the data is parsed to determine the gestured character by determining where the phantom ball would intersect with the display device if it were a physical ball.

[0093] As illustrated in FIG. 6 above, in yet another embodiment, the user may gesture with one hand to move a cursor over displayed "keys" on the display screen, and then may either make another gesture with that same hand (such as closing the hand) or may make a gesture with his or her other hand to select the particular character. Alternative, the user may use a first hand to select a group of characters and the other hand to select a character from that group. For instance, the user may make a gesture with his right hand to signify that he wishes to input a digit, and may select or specify the digit with his left hand through a corresponding gesture. In an embodiment, this two-handed gestured character may comprise kanji.

[0094] In an embodiment, voice commands may be combined with input gestures to increase the complexity and nuance of conveyed information by the user. Use of voice may aid a user by narrowing down a number of active targets present on a display screen to interact with.

[0095] A voice command such as "keyboard up" may cause a keyboard to display on the display while in a non-character input context. A voice command may also narrow the number of targets on a display. For example, saying "numbers only" after "keyboard up" may remove the alphabetical characters of the keyboard from the display, leaving only the numbers, which then may be increased in size to fill the keyboard area.

[0096] Voice commands may also be interleaved with gestures for input. For instance a user could gesture for "1+1" and then say "equals" to receive the result of that expression, 2.

[0097] Voice may be used to narrow the number of targets on a display by query of results. For instance, a Japanese user may say "kon" and all word options beginning with that syllable, such as "konichiwa" would appear on the screen, where the user could then gesture to select the proper word, such as making up and down motions to scroll through a list.

[0098] Operation 704 depicts parsing the image data to determine at least one gestured character. In an embodiment, each gestured character comprises an alphanumeric character. In another embodiment, the gestured input may comprise a word, phrase, sentence or concept. For instance, there exist single gestures in ASL that correspond to a word or a sentence.

[0099] Optional operation 706 depicts comparing the gestured character against at least one previously gestured character; determining that at least one error character exists in the set consisting of the gestured character and each previously gestured character; and replacing each error character with a corresponding correct character. Where the user is inputting a series of characters to create a word, sentence, or longer string of words, he may mistakenly enter an unintended character. Where the system has error correcting analogous to spell-checking, it may identify that an error has been made and correct that error. For instance, if a user makes a series of six gestures, corresponding to the letters V-I-K-I-N-F, the system may determine that the user intended to input V-I-K-I-N-G to create the word "viking," that the input "F" was an error and replace is with "G."

[0100] Optional operation 708 depicts sending feedback to the user based on the input gesture. Feedback may take a variety of forms such as tactile, auditory and visual. In an embodiment, the feedback consists of an audio feedback, visual feedback, changing the color of a display element, lining of a display element, fading of a display element, strobing of a display element, a tracer pattern of some combination of these forms of feedback. This feedback may indicate to the user many different things, such as that a character was inputted, that an error character was detected, or that the user may not enter another character. The type of feedback may vary based on the idea conveyed. For instance, a beep may play when a character is inputted, while a strobing of the display screen may occur when an error is detected.

[0101] Feedback may also be use to inform a user that he or she has locked onto a target, selected a target, cannot select a target that is presently unavailable, has inputted data that is incorrect (e.g., spelled incorrectly), or that the text entry context has been activated or deactivated, or when text or a space is either entered or accepted by the system.

[0102] In optional operation 710, the system may determine input in the manner depicted in FIG. 6. Specifically, the system may display on a display device a plurality of characters and a cursor and may interpret user gestures as movement of the cursor and subsequent selection of a particular character.

[0103] In optional operation 712, each gestured character is converted to its spoken equivalent or text equivalent. This may then be output locally, or sent across a communications network for remote output to a second user, or both. For instance, where the user is playing an online multiplayer video game, such as a first person shooter, the game may also support voice chat. Where the user is unable to speak, he may be prevented from joining in the voice chat. Even though he would be able to type input, this may be a laborious and slow process to someone fluent in ASL. Under the present system, he could make ASL gestures to convey his thoughts, which would then be transmitted to the other users for auditory display. The user's input could be converted to voice locally, or by each remote computer. In this situation, for example, when the user kills another user's character, that victorious, though speechless, user would be able to tell the other user that he had been "PWNED." In another embodiment, a user may be able to speak or make the facial motions corresponding to speaking words. The system may then parse those facial motions to determine the user's intended words and process them according to the context under which they were inputted to the system.

[0104] In optional operation 714, each gestured character may be translated from a first language to a second language. In an embodiment where the user speaks only English and he or she is communicating with another user who speaks only Japanese, the user may input gestures corresponding to the English language, and when parsed by the system, those characters would then be converted to their Japanese-language equivalent for conveyance to the other user.

CONCLUSION

[0105] While the present disclosure has been described in connection with the preferred aspects, as illustrated in the various figures, it is understood that other similar aspects may be used or modifications and additions may be made to the described aspects for performing the same function of the present disclosure without deviating there from. Therefore, the present disclosure should not be limited to any single aspect, but rather construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the appended claims. For example, the various procedures described herein may be implemented with hardware or software, or a combination of both. Thus, the methods and apparatus of the disclosed embodiments, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other machine-readable storage medium. When the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus configured for practicing the disclosed embodiments. In addition to the specific implementations explicitly set forth herein, other aspects and implementations will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and illustrated implementations be considered as examples only.

* * * * *

Current U.S. Class:	715/863 ; 704/3
Current CPC Class:	G06F 3/011 20130101; G06K 9/00389 20130101; G06F 3/017 20130101
Class at Publication:	715/863 ; 704/3
International Class:	G06F 3/033 20060101 G06F003/033; G06F 17/28 20060101 G06F017/28